Frequently Asked Questions

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

See the tabs below for answers to some frequently asked questions on garden birds, baby birds, magpies and avian influenza. Also included are some common questions in relation to accessing your membership account.

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Sick and Injured Birds

Frequently asked questions on topics such as supporting sick/ injured birds, Avian Influenza and Trichomoniasis.

Can humans get bird flu?

Cases of avian flu in people are also possible, but very rare. To reduce any risk of infection, it is important to avoid touching sick or dead birds, feathers or bird faeces.

Can my pet get bird flu?

Although H5N1 mainly infects and spread among wild migratory water birds and domestic poultry, it can also infect and spread to other animals. People should also avoid contact between their pets (e.g., pet birds, dogs and cats) with wild birds, their feathers and their faeces. Keeping your dog on a leash while on public beaches is advisable.

Has trichomoniasis had a noticeable impact on birds in Ireland?

Yes – trichomoniasis has had a very devastating impact on Ireland’s Greenfinch population in a few short years.

The Irish Garden Bird Survey has proven important in documenting their decline since trichomoniasis arrived. In the 1990s and early 2000s. Greenfinches were recorded in around 90% of Irish gardens each winter. Since winter 2008/09 their numbers have fallen considerably and by winters 2016/17 and 2017/18, they were only in 70% of gardens. The average size of flocks also dropped considerably, from peak counts of 7 birds visiting gardens each winter in the late 1990s, to average peak counts of only 3 birds in recent years.

The Irish breeding population of Greenfinches is monitored each summer through the Countryside Bird Survey and Greenfinch are now at around half the levels they were when the survey began in the late 1990s.

The dramatic declines seen in Irish Greenfinches is reflected in similar declines in the UK and Europe, where trichomoniasis has taken hold. Other finch species, most notably Chaffinch and Goldfinch, also suffer from this infection. Chaffinch numbers in the UK took a brief dip when trichomoniasis initially appeared, but they have largely recovered since. Goldfinch numbers have been on the rise for the last two decades in Ireland and further afield, and thankfully trichomoniasis has done little to slow that increase.

 

How can I prevent birds in my garden getting trichomoniasis?

The parasite is transmitted between birds via their saliva, typically at shared food and water sources. It cannot live long outside a host, but can persist longer in damp conditions.

To minimise the spread of infection it is important to clean all feeders and water dishes thoroughly on a regular basis (i.e. at least every two weeks). Feeders should be cleaned with a suitable disinfectant or mild bleach solution (5-10% solution), rinsed thoroughly and allowed to air dry fully before being used again. If you have ‘spare’ feeders it can be good to rotate these when cleaning (i.e. use different feeders every two weeks, giving you plenty of time to clean and dry them).

Other tips include:

  • Use several feeders in different locations in your garden, so that all birds aren’t congregating in a single place.
  • Change the locations you put your feeders every few weeks, to prevent a build-up of droppings in any one place.
  • Use feeders with mesh or drainage holes, to avoid a build up of moisture.
  • Change the water in baths daily.
  • Where possible, sweep up droppings and any old food and dispose of it carefully.

 

How do I know if a bird is suffering from trichomoniasis?

The birds most susceptible to trichomoniasis are Greenfinches and Chaffinches, though other species (particularly finch species) may also be affected.

The parasite makes it difficult for birds to eat, initially leading to difficulty swallowing but as birds struggle to eat they will become colder and less energetic, with symptoms worsening over several days. Infected birds will be inclined to fluff up their feathers more and be slower than other birds to fly away when disturbed. They often have bits of food stuck around their bill. Unfortunately, the bird will eventually succumb to the infection, so the best thing to do is minimise the risk of other birds getting sick.

See below for an image of a Greenfinch with noticeable signs of trichomoniasis.

 

I’ve found a sick or injured bird: what should I do?

If you find a bird that is sick or injured, it is important to be aware that BirdWatch Ireland is not a rehabilitation organisation and so, can only offer advice in such circumstances. You will need to contact a licenced wildlife rehabilitator for further assistance. You can find a list of rehabilitators around Ireland on the Irish Wildlife Matters Website.

If you discover a dead wild seabird, waterfowl or bird of prey, it may have been a victim of Avian Flu. Suspected cases of Avian Flu can be reported to the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and the Marine via the Avian Check Wild Bird Application or by calling the Avian Influenza Helpline Number (076) 1064403 or 1850 2000456. It is important that any potential cases of Avian Influenza are investigated and documented appropriately in order to monitor the spread of the virus.

Owing to the ongoing risk of Avian Flu, members of the public are advised not to touch sick or dead wild birds or feathers, and to keep their pets away from them.

 

I’ve found an abandoned baby bird: what should I do?

It’s actually quite normal for young birds to leave their nests before they are able to fly, and their parents continue to look after them and feed them. If the chick is well-feathered, alert and appears to be uninjured, it is most likely fine and does not require any help. We would recommend putting it back where you found it as soon as possible, so that its parents can continue to care for it.

If the chick is still blind and helpless, if at all possible we would recommend that you place it back into its nest as soon as possible. Its parents will continue to look after it, and this will give it the very best survival chance possible.

If it is not possible to return the chick to its nest, it will need specialist care. We would recommend contacting one of the excellent wildlife rehabilitators listed at the Irish Wildlife Matters website here.

For more information about what to do and how and when to help, please click here.

Is there somewhere i should record sightings of birds infected with trichomoniasis?

Each year we run the ‘Irish Garden Bird Survey‘ as a way to monitor the health and status of Ireland’s garden birds. The survey runs from December to February each winter and this year, we are asking participants to record whether or not they noticed any finches in their garden that may have been suffering from trichomoniasis. From a scientific point of view, it’s important that we hear what gardens didn’t have sick finches, as well as those that did, to build an accurate picture of the extent of the problem.

If you haven’t taken part in the Irish Garden Bird Survey before, please consider doing so this year. The survey is easy, very enjoyable, and provides us with really important information to monitor and protect our favourite birds. The Irish Garden Bird Survey page on our website has all the details about taking part.

 

What are the signs of bird flu?

The clinical signs of avian influenza or bird flu in birds include closed and excessively watery eyes; lethargy and unresponsiveness; loss of balance and coordination; head and body tremoring; drooping of wings and dragging of legs; twisting of the head and neck and death. However, a laboratory test is the only way of confirming a positive case of H5N1.

What can I do if I see a bird infected with trichomoniasis?

Unfortunately there is no practical treatment for wild birds. Though medicines do exist for captive birds infected with the parasite, there’s no way to ensure a wild bird receives a suitable dose. Providing the medicine in an uncontrolled way (i.e. in a garden) would also likely create the conditions for a resistant strain of the parasite to evolve and develop, with disastrous consequences for wild bird populations.

If you see a bird in your garden that is likely infected with trichomoniasis, the best thing to do is to remove all feeders and water dishes. They should be cleaned thoroughly with a suitable disinfectant or mild bleach solution (5-10% solution), rinsed and allowed to air dry. The consensus amongst bird conservation experts is that it’s best to then stop feeding or providing water in your garden for two to three weeks. This allows the birds that normally congregate in your garden to disperse more widely in the countryside and means they are less likely to encounter a sick bird. If you keep feeding, you’re attracting the sick bird, other infected birds not yet showing symptoms, and healthy birds, into close proximity, and this will undoubtedly cause the rest of the flock to become infected.

We realise it may seem counterproductive to stop feeding your garden birds completely, but while removing feeders and water may have a temporary and minor negative effect, the birds will die if they contract trichomoniasis, so the further spread of the infection should be avoided at all costs.

After the two weeks are up, gradually reintroduce your feeders one at at time every few days, keeping an eye out for any more sick birds. It’s best to avoid putting out water for another few weeks.

 

What is bird flu?

The H5N1 strain of avian influenza or bird flu is a highly contagious infection that spreads among domestic and some wild bird species.

What is trichomoniasis and where did it come from?

Trichomoniasis is the condition caused by Trichomonas gallinae – a protozoan (unicellular) parasite. This parasite has been around for a long time – causing ‘canker’ in pigeons and doves, ‘frounce’ in birds of prey, and is even thought to have been a problem for the dinosaurs.

In recent years it has been seen to cause disease in finches – mostly Greenfinch, Chaffinch and Goldfinch. It has been speculated that the increase in the number of pigeons in gardens brought them into closer proximity with finches than they otherwise would have, providing the opportunity for the parasite to transfer and adapt to a new host (i.e. finches). Following initial reports from the UK in 2005, it has established itself in finch populations across Ireland and many European countries. There is no practical treatment for wild birds with trichomoniasis and it nearly always proves fatal within a couple of weeks.

There is no risk to humans, though we always recommend washing your hands after handling and cleaning feeders.

 

Garden Birds

Frequently asked questions about garden birds, including when and what to feed them and making your outdoor space bird-friendly.

How can I encourage birds into my garden?

Regardless of the size or location of your garden, there are things that you can do to make the environment more attractive to birds and other species. We have produced a number of guides on gardening for birds. You can access these free informative publications by clicking here.

Which are the best trees to plant for birds?

The best trees are the ones that produce berries or seeds, as these will provide natural foods for them in autumn and winter, as well as shelter and shade all year round.  If you have a large garden you can have a mix of trees, such as maples, and most conifers, and native species.  If you have a small garden with only room for one tree, consider a rowan, crab apple, small weeping birch, or native hawthorn.

Which are the best shrubs to plant for the birds?

The best shrubs to provide berries for birds are pyracanthas (not the yellow-berried varieties), berberis, elder, ivy, and female varieties of holly.

Is it ok to feed birds during the summer?

While winter is the most important time to provide food for birds, it is not a problem to feed them throughout the rest of the year too, if you wish. If you do, make sure that you never leave out whole nuts, as baby birds often choke on these: always use a fine wire mesh feeder that has been designed to allow birds to feed on peanuts safely.

What food is best for feeding and attracting garden birds?

There is no single answer to this – each different food type has advantages and disadvantages and will attract a different mix of species to your garden. The golden rule is that a diversity of food types will give you a diversity of bird species.

The two bird foods we tend to recommend first are peanuts and sunflower hearts – they’re both eaten by a variety of species, have high protein and calorie contents, and are readily available in most shops.

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What time of year should I put out food for birds?

The time of year that the birds really need you to put out food in your garden is during the winter months (roughly November-March). During these months, the natural food sources of fruit, berries, nuts and seeds have been depleted and there are few invertebrates active and available. Furthermore, the weather is cold meaning small birds have to use more energy to stay warm, and the days are shorter meaning there’s less time to find food to recoup lost energy.

That being said, it’s perfectly fine to feed them all year round if you want. During the summer months, adults have to feed themselves and their chicks. If there’s food in your garden, they will feed themselves on that, and that gives them more time and energy to find protein-rich foods for their chicks. It’s best to avoid fat/suet-based products during the spring and summer months, but do put out mealworms, peanuts and sunflower seeds.

Where should I place the feeders in my garden?

In general, you should put your feeders within a metre or two of a tree or hedge. Our common garden bird species are reluctant to come into open spaces as they’re vulnerable to predation from Sparrowhawks and various mammal predators, so they like to know there’s some shelter (i.e. vegetation) nearby that they can escape into if a predator appears.

This is why the hedgerows in the Irish countryside are so important for many of our birds – it gives them a network of shelter where they feel safe, and also provides them with the berries, seeds and invertebrates they need to feed on. If you want to make your garden more suitable for birds and wildlife, see our ‘Gardening for Wildlife’ section here.

Obviously, you want to get the benefit of seeing activity at your feeders too, so try and find that sweet spot where they’re placed close to vegetation but also in view from your window too!

There are very few birds in my garden – where have they gone?

At certain times of the year, birds will be less reliant on your garden. Things get very quiet in gardens for a few weeks in the autumn – the weather isn’t too cold yet and there’s a huge abundance of food in the wider countryside – berries, seeds, nuts, fruit and invertebrates. So, in September, October and November the birds are spoiled for choice! Try not to panic if your garden is very quiet until late November. Similarly, in the late spring and summer, birds disperse around the countryside to claim a territory and find a mate, so there will be fewer birds in the general vicinity of your garden at that time of year too – though you’ll have some local regulars who should continue to appear!

See also the question above about where to place the feeders in your garden. If you’re not getting many birds in the winter, it might be down to where your feeders are located.

What can I do if a species is ‘bullying’ another species at my feeders?

Some species are certainly more dominant at feeders than others – especially the larger species like Magpies, Rooks and Jackdaws, Starlings, and even the bigger of the ‘small’ birds such as Greenfinches and House Sparrows. Generally, the other smaller species don’t avoid feeders as a result, but they do change their behaviour – they’ll grab some food quickly and go rather than hang around, or they’ll visit your garden earlier and later in the day to get food and avoid the larger species in the process.

If you want to ameliorate things, the best thing to do is to provide more feeders in a variety of locations, allowing the smaller birds to visit the less-busy feeder(s) throughout the day. It’s better to have two half-full feeders in different parts of the garden, than one large and full feeder in one location as the latter will mean all birds have to visit the same location and will end up arguing with each other!

If your problem is with members of the crow family, some people use squirrel-proof feeders to prevent them accessing food, or tie two hanging baskets around the feeder creating a similar ‘dome’ that larger birds can’t get into.

How do I ensure good ‘feeder hygiene’ in my garden?

Because birds congregate in high numbers at bird feeders, there’s potential for the transmission of some bacteria, parasites and other infections. To avoid this, be sure to clean all feeders and water dishes every 1-2 weeks with a veterinary disinfectant or mild bleach (5%) solution. Give the feeders a good scrub, a thorough rinse and allow them to air dry completely before using them again. It’s also worthwhile to switch the location of your feeders from time to time, so that there isn’t a build of droppings in any one location, and to spread your feeders around the garden so birds aren’t all coming together at one location.

Though most of the bacteria and parasites that might affect birds have little impact on humans, it’s important to wash your hands properly after touching and cleaning your feeders – just to be sure!

How do I deter rats from my garden?

Rats are present in almost all habitats in Ireland. This generally isn’t a problem until they come close to houses and people. Sometimes rats are attracted to gardens where birds are being fed, so the key to stopping this is to remove what’s attracting them! What’s attracting them is the food, but more specifically the food on the ground. If you can stop your food spillage problem, you’ll stop your rat problem.

Solutions include switching to foods that don’t spill as much (e.g. peanuts), using bird tables where food is out of reach from the ground, or using hanging bird feeders that catch any food that might otherwise be spilled. You can get creative with this by attaching a plastic plate to the base of your feeder to catch any falling seed.

If your feeders are over hard ground its worthwhile cleaning up any spillage on a daily basis too.

What should I put out for my garden birds during cold weather, snow and frost?

This is when the birds really need you! A diversity of foods will allow you to help a diversity of species. High calorie foods like fatballs, suet blocks, peanuts and sunflower seeds are all great. Put the food in multiple locations – in different feeders, but also some on the ground (or roof or on top of a wall to keep away from cats/rats) for species that don’t like hanging from feeders.
One of the most important things during cold weather is to put out fresh water. The icy conditions mean natural water sources might be frozen over, so your birds will need somewhere to drink and wash themselves. Keep an eye throughout the day to make sure the water you put out hasn’t frozen over and top it up with fresh water each day.

A Sparrowhawk is visiting my garden. Should I be concerned?

Sparrowhawks are Ireland’s most common bird of prey and are frequently observed in both urban and rural gardens, where they sometimes attempt to catch a small garden birds for dinner! Although it might be unpleasant for the smaller garden birds, it is nature and having a diverse range of species is a good sign of the environmental health of your area. Studies show that they do not have any impact on population numbers of garden birds.

If you would like to know more about Sparrowhawk, please click here.

Why is the Blackcap in my garden chasing other birds away?

Blackcaps are notorious for this, and there is not much that can be done to deter them. They are very much out of their comfort zone in a cold Irish winter, which they have not really evolved to cope with, so their instincts tell them that they must fight hard to defend a reliable food supply at all costs. Sometimes using a technique called distraction feeding can help, however. If you cut some apples in half and spear them onto some branches (or even wire coat-hangers) as far away from your feeders as possible, the Blackcap may choose to spend more time feeding on those instead, leaving the feeders alone. Blackcaps go crazy for apples.

For more information about Blackcaps, please click here.

Why are my garden birds missing in July/August?

We tend to get this query quite a lot, but it’s nothing to worry about! At this time of the year, a lot of species have finished nesting and can travel widely as they’re not restricted to the nest site. There is also an abundance of natural food available at the moment – loads of invertebrates of all sorts, and many plants going to seed etc too. And finally, this is the time of year that a lot of species begin their annual moult. Birds tend to keep a low profile during the moult. So for all of these reasons, there’s nothing to worry about regarding the lack of birds in your garden – they’re just exploring and utilising the wider countryside at the moment. Our own staff around the country have noticed their gardens going similarly ‘quiet’ in recent weeks, and a lot of the common garden bird species in moult. Rest assured that your birds will return gradually in the coming weeks and months. If you’re feeding your garden birds, there’s no harm in reducing the number of feeders you put out until you start to notice the increased demand again!

How can I make a fat ball for the birds in my garden?

There is wide range of fat balls, suet blocks and pellets that you can buy to feed your garden birds, but it can be fun, cheap and easy to make your own! Find out how to make your own fat balls for your garden birds here.

If you would prefer to purchase fat balls, our premium Wild Bird Fat Balls, or Suet Balls are a healthy and nutritious delicacy for many garden birds. You can purchase them in the BirdWatch Ireland online store, or from our physical shop in Kilcoole, Co Wicklow.

How can I keep cats away from my bird table?

Whether you are a cat owner or live in an area with roaming cats, there are several things that you can do to protect the birds in your area from cat predation.

Ideally, you should position your bird table in a reasonably open area, either fixed to the top of a post or hanging from a branch or bracket. This will make it easier for you to observe and will also reduce the risk of cats or other predators sneaking up on the feeding birds. Don’t put your table within easy reach of a fence or tree from which a cat can leap, but place it near a bush which gives birds somewhere to ‘queue up’ for a place on the table, or to dash if disturbed. It’s also important to place any nestboxes out of reach of cats.

If you have a cat of your own, we recommend that you keep them indoors as much as possible. A catio can be a great solution for keeping both cats and birds safe, while also giving cats the opportunity to enjoy some time outdoors. We understand that purchasing a catio or keeping cats inside is not always feasible and so, if you do let your cats outside, try to keep them indoors when birds are most vulnerable – the hour before sunset and after sunrise, especially during the nesting season, winter and after periods of bad weather.

Domestic cats should also be fitted with a correctly fitted collar and bell. Collars with bells have been shown to reduce cat predation.

Are garden pesticides harmful for birds and other animals?

Many keen gardeners use pesticides (such as herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and slug pellets) to control what they consider to be pests and weeds in their garden. However, owing to the interconnected nature of life in your garden habitat, these chemicals can have a much broader impact than intended.

Using insecticides to kill insects results in a reduction of insects in the environment and as a result, a reduction in food supply for animals higher up the food chain like birds and mammals. In addition, while intended to kill insects that damage crops, insecticides also cause harm to pollinators which in turn, has a negative effect on flowering crops and wildflowers.

Meanwhile, herbicides used to kill weeds also kill wildflowers and this has a knock-on effect for insects and in turn, the mammals and birds that feed on them.

While pesticides have a negative effect on the foods that birds rely on to survive, they also impact birds in other, more direct ways. For example, when birds eat slugs and snails that have been exposed to slug pellets, they are directly exposed to the toxic chemicals within them. While pesticides won’t necessarily kill a bird or mammal, repeated exposure to such chemicals over time can affect their “fitness” i.e. the ability of an individual to survive, and breed and produce viable offspring. Therefore, they can contribute to population declines.

All of these chemicals can also have an impact on water and soil quality.

Natural methods should always be considered as the first option when attempting to control pests and weeds in your garden. There are plenty of books and online resources providing information about organic pest control in gardens.

If you do choose to use pesticides in your garden, try to only use them in the affected area. Make sure to read the instructions and do not use them near drains, waterways or during or after periods of rain.

Remember, birds are one of the most effective forms of natural pest control. By attracting birds to your garden, you can help to keep insects away from your plants and in turn, support the ecosystem on a more holistic level.

Bird Identification

Frequently asked questions about identifying different species and how to build upon your identification skills.

Could I have seen a green parrot in Ireland?

The Ring-necked Parakeet (also known as a Rose-ringed Parakeet) is a bird with all-green plumage, a long tail and red beak. While native to parts of Asia and Africa, it has spread across Europe through introductions and escapes in recent years and is now well-established in the south of England. Ring-necked Parakeets have been spotted in Ireland.

The Ring-necked Parakeet is considered an invasive species outside their native range and can pose a threat to native bird species by competing with them for food resources and nesting sites.

The National Biodiversity Data Centre together with BirdWatch Ireland, the National Parks and Wildlife Service and Dublin City Council are keeping an eye on this species and need the public’s ongoing help to track their spread. If you think you have seen a Ring-necked Parakeet, we encourage you to report your sighting via the National Biodiversity Data Centre portal.

Could I have seen a Hoopoe in Ireland?

These exotic birds are only seen rarely in Ireland, but they do tend to turn up, usually in small numbers, almost every year. They breed across much of southern Europe and winter in Africa. With their pink bodies, black-and-white ‘zebra-striped’ wings and flamboyant crests, they are unlikely to be confused with any other bird.

In an effort to keep track of and better understand these beautiful vagrants, we would be most grateful if you would please register your Hoopoe sighting for us at www.birdtrack.net. You can also register sightings of any other birds that you come across.

Could I have seen a woodpecker in Ireland?

Formerly absent from Ireland, around 15 years ago a small number of Great Spotted Woodpeckers appear to have flown across the Irish Sea from Wales to Co. Wicklow and from Scotland to Co. Down. Since then, the species has slowly but surely been increasing its population and expanding into new areas, which has been wonderful to see.

In an effort to keep track of the expansion of these beautiful birds in Ireland and to help us to protect them, we would be most grateful if you would please register your woodpecker sighting for us at www.birdtrack.net. You can also register sightings of any other birds that you come across.

If you would like to know more about Great Spotted Woodpeckers, please click here.

How can I identify a bird from their call or song?

Learning to identify birds that you see in your surroundings can be a really rewarding experience. However, as there are many species that are often heard but not seen, it can be really beneficial to learn to recognise bird songs and calls also.

As part of the Countryside Bird Survey, we have compiled information and sample audio of some of the most frequently heard bird songs and calls here.

The free Merlin Bird ID app is also a very useful tool for identifying bird sounds. Developed by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, this app allows you to record and identify birds by both sound and sight.

How can I learn to identify the species in my garden?

With some practice, you can learn to identify the species that you see in your local area. It is never too late to start!

Picking up a current and well-illustrated bird book is always a great first step. You will find a wide selection in the BirdWatch Ireland shop. Leave it by a windowsill or bring it with you on your daily walks and use it to help you match what you see to an image.

While obtaining a good quality bird book is very beneficial when it comes to getting to grips with bird identification, it is not the be all and end all. There are many species that look similar to one another and that is where things become tricky.  However, by noting a few things about the mystery species, you should be able to whittle down the options.

Ask yourself some of the following questions:

What size and shape is the bird?

What colour is the bird and does it have any distinctive markings?

What kind of behaviour is the bird exhibiting?

What kind of habitat is this bird in?

What time of the year is it?

What does this bird sound like?

Where in the country did you see this bird?

There are a number of ways that BirdWatch Ireland works to teach people about bird identification. By taking part in BirdWatch Ireland events, signing up for surveys such as our Irish Garden Bird Survey and becoming a member, we can help you to build up your knowledge. You can also email us at info@birdwatchireland.ie with photos and/ or a description of your bird sightings for assistance with identification.

I’ve seen a bird with a ring around its leg. What should I do?

Birds are ringed every year under licence from the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) as part of the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) Bird Ringing Scheme of Britain and Ireland. Ringing provides us with information on the survival, productivity and movements of birds, helping us to understand why populations are changing.

Valuable information is gained from the reporting of ringed birds, whether they are alive or deceased. If you find a ringed bird, you can report it through the BTO Euring Portal here.

I’ve seen a large bird of prey: what is it?

It is most likely to have been a Buzzard. Despite this bird of prey becoming a common sight across most counties, it has had a difficult history in Ireland. Once thought to be a very widespread species, the Buzzard unfortunately went extinct in Ireland by the late 1890s. At the same time, serious population declines led other raptor species such as the White-tailed Eagle, the Golden Eagle and the Red Kite to also go extinct. However, unlike these birds, the Buzzard began to re-colonise Ireland and re-establish itself naturally without and human-led reintroduction.

This natural re-introduction occurred after Scottish Buzzards settled in Co. Antrim in the 1930s. However, sadly, this attempted re-colonisation failed and the species was once again declared extinct in Ireland. Thankfully, in the 1960s, a breeding population established itself in Counties Antrim, Down and Donegal. Since then the species has continued to expand its range, and it now breeds once again in all 32 counties.

If you would like to know more about the Buzzard, please click here.

You can also learn more about the Buzzard in episode 4 of our “In your Nature” podcast.

I’ve seen a white bird. Is this an albino bird?

It is possible to come across birds that are albino or leucistic. An albino bird lacks melanin and as a result, will have completely white plumage and pink or red eyes. Meanwhile, a leucistic bird has a genetic mutation which stops some pigments (like melanin) from being properly deposited in feathers. Leucistic birds will have coloured eyes and either be pale in colour overall or have patches of reduced colouring.

Sightings of albino and leucistic birds do occur in Ireland. Leucistic and albino blackbirds are not that unusual, for example. However, it is difficult for us to say for sure whether or not you have spotted an albino/ leucistic bird without seeing it for ourselves. We encourage you to send images of any unusual sightings like this to us by emailing info@birdwatchireland.ie.

Where can I report a Barn Owl sighting?

We would love it if you could take a few minutes to log information on Barn Owls using the relevant forms at the below link. All this information is incredibly valuable and helps us to direct survey efforts, ensure that nest sites are protected, understand causes of mortality and inform conservation efforts. You can log your Barn Owl Sightings by clicking here.

Where can I report a rare bird sighting?

Rare bird sightings in Ireland can be reported to the Irish Rare Birds Committee (IRBC). The primary function of the IRBC is the assessment of records of certain rare and scarce species. The results are published annually in the Irish Rare Bird Report. This report is included in Irish Birds, which is published by BirdWatch Ireland annually and is available from Wings and the BirdWatch Ireland online shop. You can make a rare bird submission on the IRBC website.

We also encourage people to record their sightings via the BirdTrack Portal. BirdTrack is an exciting online bird recording portal, that looks at migration patterns and seasonal movements of birds throughout Britain and Ireland. It is operated by operated by the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) on behalf of a partnership of the BTO, the RSPB, BirdWatch Ireland, the Scottish Ornithologists’ Club and the Welsh Ornithological Society. You can record your sighting on the BirdTrack website or using their app.

Bird Behaviour

Frequently asked questions about bird behaviour.

Why are seagulls making so much noise right now?

When people talk about “seagulls”, they are usually referring to the Herring Gull.

Herring Gulls have seen a huge decline in their populations in recent years and they are now considered an Amber-listed species of conservation concern. However, for several reasons, these birds are being seen and heard more frequently in urban areas, which may lead people to believe that there are more of them.

Traditionally, Herring Gulls would nest on islands but non-native predators such as rates and mink have become a threat to nesting birds and their young. As a result, Herring Gulls will now often choose safer nesting locations, such as high up spots in urban areas. Overfishing in Irish Waters has also left many gulls desperate for food, which often drives them into urban areas where they can scavenge from bins and other places.

Herring Gulls are very protective of their offspring and will make a lot of noise if a potential predator, including a human, approaches. These birds also tend to become particularly loud at the end of the breeding season when young gulls are calling to their parents for food

Why do I hear a bird singing at night?

As the length of the day gets longer in the spring, it triggers hormones in birds that cause them to go into breeding mode. As a result, the males in particular feel compelled to start singing. They normally sing most at dawn, but in many residential and urban areas they are fooled by streetlights, porch lights, etc. These trick their bodies into believing that dawn is breaking, causing them to start singing in the middle of the night.

Why do some birds fluff up their feathers?

Birds use their feathers to keep themselves warm during cold periods. By fluffing up their feathers, they trap in air, which acts as an insulator.

Birds may also fluff up their feathers when they’re ill. If a bird remains puffed up for a long period and is exhibiting other symptoms, it is possible that this bird is unwell. You can find out more about what to do when you find a sick or injured bird here.

Why is a bird attacking my window, and what should I do?

The bird you saw attacking the glass is full of raging breeding hormones, and most likely a male. He is seeing his reflection in the glass and, not knowing what a reflection is, believes it to be a rival male that has dared to trespass on his territory. What’s worse, rather than fly away, the interloper seems to fight back with equal ferocity, which the bird sees as a serious threat. In addition, the rival never leaves: whenever the bird goes looking for him in that same part of his territory, there he is, waiting to fight.

During the breeding season, when hormones make them very aggressive, male birds can waste hours doing this, neglecting to feed or to look after their mate and their chicks. The most effective way to stop it is to take some cling-film, scrunch it up as much as possible so that it is very wrinkled, then place it over the outside (not the inside) of the glass. The wrinkles will break the bird’s reflection up enough so that it no longer recognises it, and light can still pass through the window as normal. You would only need to do this for a week or two: after that, the bird will forget all about it and will be in a less aggressive mood.

Why is a bird holding its wings out from its body?

Some birds such as blackbirds, swallows and robins can be seen “sunbathing” – a practice which sees them hold their wings away from their body as they lie flat on the ground. It is understood that this is done to help spread preening oil through their feathers, as well as to support the removal of parasites.

If you feel this bird may be injured, however, you will need to contact a licenced wildlife rehabilitator for further assistance. You can find a list of rehabilitators around Ireland on the Irish Wildlife Matters Website.

Due to the ongoing risk of Avian Flu, members of the public are advised not to touch sick or dead wild birds or feathers, and to keep their pets away from them.

Nestboxes for your garden

Frequently asked questions about bird nestboxes and putting them up in your garden.

What birds will use my nestbox?

That depends on the type of nestbox you have. If you have a ‘traditional’ type of nestbox then it depends on the size of the entrance hole: Blue Tit and Coal Tit will use nestboxes with a 25mm diameter hole, Great Tit and Tree Sparrow will use it if it has a hole of 28mm and House Sparrows use nestboxes with entrances of 32mm diameter. House Sparrows will also used ‘terraced’ nestboxes – which are essentially two or three nestboxes joined together. Starlings will use nestboxes if they have an entrance of 45mm and are around 25-30% bigger than the average nestbox.

 

If you have an open-fronted nestbox then it might attract Blackbirds, Robins or Wrens to nest. Blackbirds require a mostly-open front, Robins are okay with something half open, and Wrens will use something a bit more closed up.

 

In addition to the ‘traditional’ style of nestbox there are specialist nestboxes available for species like Treecreeper, Jackdaw, Barn Owl, Kestrel, Grey Wagtail, Dipper, Swallow, House Martin and Swift.

 

See the BirdWatch Ireland shop here for a variety of different types of nestboxes.

 

How high should I put my nestbox?

Many people put their nestboxes up too high – really you want it 2-4m off the ground if it’s a nestbox with a hole. Something around 2m up should be fine once there’s no way for cats to get near it. The exception is for open-fronted nestboxes for Robins, Wrens and Blackbirds which should be lower than 2m but amongst dense vegetation and somewhere cats and other predators won’t easily see or access it.

If you’re attaching it to a tree, don’t drill or nail it as this will damage the tree, but instead use a wire strap wrapped around the tree.

How can I choose the right location for my nestbox?

Firstly, make sure it’s facing a direction where it’s not going to bear the brunt of wind, rain or strong sunshine – facing between north and south-east is usually best, though there’s some flexibility here if it’s in a sheltered corner of the garden/house. Tilt the box forward slightly so any rain will run off the top, and a nestbox with some small holes for drainage in the bottom are preferable too – just in case.

After that, somewhere with some surrounding vegetation (ivy, brambles, shrubs, trees) is ideal, but make sure the birds have a clear flight path to access the nestbox hole. For Starlings and House Sparrows (and occasionally other species), boxes placed under the eaves of your house or shed should work well.

Lastly – don’t put your nestbox beside where you feed your birds as any birds looking to nest will waste a lot of energy trying to fend off intruders into their territory!

How can I tell if my nestbox is being used?

The best way to tell if your nestbox is being used is to keep a watchful eye from as far away as possible. If you’re standing too close, the parent birds won’t want to give away the location of their nest to a potential predator (i.e. you!), so they won’t fly in. If you open the nestbox there’s a risk that the adults will abandon it – this can happen during nest construction, egg incubation and even chick raising, so don’t risk it! You should never take down a nestbox during the breeding season (i.e. start March – end September) as there may be birds using it without you knowing!

There are a variety of nestbox cameras on the market which allow you to see whats happening in  your nestbox without disturbing the birds. See the BirdWatch Ireland shop here for some nextbox cameras.

Should I move my nestbox if its not being used?

It often takes a year or two before a nestbox is used, so don’t panic if there aren’t birds nesting in it straight away. If you’ve picked a good location for it then you’re better off leaving it where it is rather than moving it around from year to year. The longer it is in one place, the more the birds get used to it and are more likely to use it down the line. If it hasn’t been used after two years, then it might be worth changing location. Never move a nestbox during the breeding season (start of March to end of September) as there might be birds using it without you realising it!

During the cold winter months, many garden bird species will use nestboxes as somewhere to roost and shelter for the night, so it’s worth leaving your box out all year round.

What other species use nestboxes, apart from the usual garden birds?

There’s a variety of more specialist nestboxes available for species of farmland and river habitats, many of which are available here on the BirdWatch Ireland shop.

Treecreepers will use a special sloped nestbox design that mimics a crevice along the trunk of a tree where they would naturally nest. Swallows will use artificial nest cups when placed under the eaves of a house or inside a shed or porch, and there’s a slightly different design for House Martins for the outside of buildings too. If you have a river with Dippers or Grey Wagtails, there’s a custom nestbox that can be attached to bridges to give them somewhere to nest.

Swifts are a species declining in large part due to loss of nest sites in buildings, but by installing and incorporating nestboxes into buildings in towns and cities we can halt their decline. We’ve produced a comprehensive guide to saving swifts which can be downloaded here. 

If you have Barn Owls or Kestrels in your area, there are specially designed nestboxes you can provide for these species, further information for which is freely available online.

When is the best time to put up a nestbox?

There’s an old proverb that says something along the lines of “The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago, the second best time is now!” and the same can be said for nestboxes. If you can get them up in March there’s still a good chance they’ll be used that year, but the further in advance of spring the better.

If you put it up in the middle of the nesting season (summer months) it’s unlikely to be used until the following year as birds will have already established territories and found nesting sites. By putting it up well in advance of the following breeding season you’re giving your local birds a chance to find it, get used to it and check it out ahead of the following year. Also, small birds such as Wrens will often roost (i.e. sleep) in nestboxes during cold winter nights, as somewhere warm and sheltered – so it’s not all about nesting when it comes to nestboxes!

How can I build a nestbox for my garden birds?

Our Garden Birds nestbox guide provides a template and measurements for you to create a range of nestboxes for a number of common garden bird species including, Robins, Blue/Great Tits, Starlings and Spotted Flycatcher. Download the free Garden Birds nestbox PDF here.

How can I build a Barn Owl nestbox?

If you are interested in constructing a Barn Owl nestbox, BirdWatch Ireland has create a simple guide that walks you through the process. Download the free Barn Owl nestbox construction PDF here.

Our comprehensive Barn Owl booklet is another brilliant resource for anyone who wishes to learn more about Barn Owls. It includes practical information on things such as habitat enhancement and creation, rodenticide reduction, building indoor and outdoor nestboxes and finding a suitable location for your Barn Owl nestbox. Download the free Barn Owl booklet here.

Where can I buy a Barn Owl nestbox?

If you do not wish to make a Barn Owl nestbox yourself, there are a number of companies making and selling them online. However, unfortunately, some of these nest boxes are not of the ideal or appropriate design. One of the best websites for purchasing these boxes is Irish Garden Birds. They ship nationwide.

If you have a Barn Owl group in your county, they may also be providing nestboxes. If you are purchasing a Barn Owl nestbox, it is very important that you buy one that is fit for purpose. See our guide to Barn Owl nestboxes in this video.

Legislation

Frequently asked questions about environmental legislation, including the law regarding hedge-cutting and how to identify and report wildlife crimes.

When is hedge-cutting prohibited in Ireland?

Under the Wildlife Acts, it is against the law to cut, burn or otherwise destroy vegetation including hedges between 1st March and 31st August, but there are exemptions which allow hedge-cutting during the closed period in case of road safety concerns. The ban on hedge-cutting applies to private gardens as much as it does to farms and the wider countryside.

If you witness hedge-cutting between these dates please report it to the local Gardaí and the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS). You can find contact details for your local NPWS Wildlife Ranger here. We also encourage to get in touch with your local elected representatives to voice your concerns. This helps to encourage that the hedge-cutting ban is enforced and kept in place in the future.

The reason for the hedge-cutting ban is to stop disturbance and destruction of nesting sites of many of our wild bird species. The nesting season for most of our garden and countryside birds begins in March and will continue through the summer months. Our hedges provide a safe space for many birds to nest and an ample food supply for parents and chicks. They are also critical for a range of other invertebrates and mammals, including people.

If you would like to learn more about Ireland’s hedge-cutting ban, please click here and here.

What is a wildlife crime?

While varied in their nature, a wildlife crime is any offence against existing legislation that protects wild animals, plants and habitats.

Wildlife crimes include but are not limited to:

  • Cutting, burning or otherwise destroying vegetation including hedges between March 1 and August 31 (the nesting season). There are some exemptions which allow hedge-cutting during the closed period in case of road safety concerns
  • Using poison to kill wild birds and mammals. While rodenticide is permitted for the control of mice and rats in certain circumstances, they are stringent laws and human and wildlife safety concerns that must be considered
  • Hunting, killing or possession of a wild bird or mammal otherwise than under and in accordance with a licence or permission granted by the Minister under the Wildlife Acts
  • Removing, damaging or destroying a nest that is in use or under construction
  • Removing, damaging or destroying wild bird eggs
  • Photographing or disturbing a nesting bird without a licence from the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS)
  • Deliberately introducing any non-native plant or animal species (i.e. an invasive species) into the wild
  • Badger baiting
  • Unregulated hare coursing

If you suspect that a wildlife crime has been committed, it is important to report it to the relevant authorities – the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) and An Garda Siochana.

How can I report a wildlife crime?

If you suspect that a wildlife crime has been committed, it is important to report it to the relevant authorities – the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) and An Garda Siochana.

If you witness a wildlife crime or come across the scene of a suspected wildlife crime (e.g. a suspected raptor poisoning incident), it is a good idea to record relevant information that may aid an investigation such as the incident date, time and location. Photographs can also serve as useful evidence. However, it is really important to avoid putting yourself at risk when collecting information about a suspected wildlife crime. Do not put yourself in danger by approaching anyone you suspect of committing a wildlife crime. It is also important to avoid touching any dead birds or animals. They may be poisoned baits or victims of poisoning. As many poisons are extremely dangerous to humans and can even be absorbed through the skin, picking up one of these animals could put you at risk.

What are the laws around photography and nesting birds?

It is illegal to photograph or disturb a bird on or near their nest without first obtaining a licence from the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS). While the discovery of a bird’s nest can be exciting, it is important to remember that getting too close could put the eggs or chicks within it in jeopardy.

Getting too close to a nest could cause the adult bird to flee, leaving eggs and chicks that are in need of warmth exposed to the elements, as well as leaving chicks without food from the adult. Chicks left in the nest will also see humans as predators and may attempt to leave the nest too early. Causing chicks to fledge too early greatly reduces their chance of survival.

Even if an adult bird does not leave the nest when you approach it, it can still be a very stressful experience for them. Studies show that birds who remain on the nest like this have greatly elevated heart rates for several hours afterwards.

Finally, approaching a nest may give away its location to other potential predators such as cats and foxes.

You can still enjoy watching nesting birds by observing from a distance. Nestbox cameras provide the best of both worlds and are perfectly safe and legal if they’re installed early in the year before birds starting nesting in them.

Is it legal to remove nests from my property?

Under the Wildlife Act, it is an offence to remove or damage the nest of any wild bird while it is being built or in use. It is also an offence to take or destroy the egg of any wild bird.

Get Involved

Frequently asked questions about how individuals can get involved in our work at BirdWatch Ireland.

Does BirdWatch Ireland host school/ corporate talks and events?

BirdWatch Ireland will sometimes participate in external talks and events. However, due to a small staff and limited resources, we must decide on these on a case-by-case basis. Please contact us on info@birdwatchireland.ie with any such requests.

Does BirdWatch Ireland run birdwatching trips?

BirdWatch Ireland runs a wide number of events throughout the year, including a variety of birdwatching walks and talks. For more information on all of our events and to find an upcoming event in your area, visit the BirdWatch Ireland events page here.

For those interested in participating in a longer birdwatching trip, you might be interested in booking a wildlife weekend at the Cape Clear Bird Observatory – the only bird observatory in the Republic of Ireland. Join the BirdWatch Ireland Cape Clear Wildlife Officer on his daily wildlife survey walks recording birds, butterflies and all things wild on the island. Cape Clear is famous for its impressive seabird migration, and you will help Steve complete a seawatch from one of the island’s stunning headlands to look for Gannets, shearwaters, petrels and a host of other seabirds. As part of our survey and monitoring programme for the island, you will get to observe the practice of bird ringing

The Cape Clear Wildlife Weekends run several times throughout the year. Find out more about the Cape Clear Wildlife Weekends here.

How can I contribute to Wings magazine?

Contributions of photographs, drawings, letters, news items and articles to Wings are welcomed. Please send content to be considered for publication to Niall Hatch at nhatch@birdwatchireland.ie.

How can I participate in a BirdWatch Ireland survey?

BirdWatch Ireland hosts a number of citizen science surveys. These surveys help us to monitor Ireland’s bird populations and in turn, inform conservation approaches. There are a range of bird surveys running throughout the year to get involved in for volunteers of varying abilities including the Irish Garden Bird Survey, the Countryside Bird Survey, the Irish Wetland Bird Survey, and more. For more information on these surveys and to sign up as a participant, visit the BirdWatch Ireland surveys page here.

How can I volunteer with BirdWatch Ireland?

BirdWatch Ireland offers a wide range of volunteer opportunities for those who wish to play their part in conservation. There are volunteering roles to suit all levels of skills, abilities and availability. For more information on our current volunteer opportunities and to register your interest, see the BirdWatch Ireland volunteer page here.

Where can I see a list of BirdWatch Ireland events?

BirdWatch Ireland hosts a huge number of national and local branch events throughout the year. For a fill list of events and to find events close to you, visit the BirdWatch Ireland events page here. You can also find a list of upcoming branch events at the back of Wings – BirdWatch Ireland’s magazine for members.

Membership

Frequently asked questions about membership including what membership involves, renewals and accessing your member's account.

How can I become a BirdWatch Ireland member?

There are several ways to join as a member. You can become a BirdWatch Ireland member on our website, by calling our Head Office on +353 (0)1 2819878 or by signing up at one of our in-person events. Check out some of the upcoming BirdWatch Ireland events in your area here.

How do I access My Account if I am existing Member and I don’t have an email address?

If you are an existing member, or recent member, and you wish to access your account but don’t have an email address – no problem, just contact us and we will locate your new membership number. To assist members who do not have an email address, we have assigned a notional birdwatchireland.ie address. You can update this at any time in My Account. Please check with us before creating a new account.

How do I access My Account?

Click on My Account on the top right hand of any page to login and access your account. If you are a current or recent member enter your new membership number or your email address to access your account.

How to I find my membership status?

To find your membership status login to My Account and click on the Membership tab. If your membership has expired then you can click on the Renew button. You can also opt to automatically renew at your next membership renewal date.

Is my web shop account the same as my membership account?

Yes. Your membership and shop account is under one combined account. You can see your My Account transaction history at any time in the Transactions tab. This will show all webshop purchases, membership renewals and donations.

Is my web shop account the same as on the old website?

No. As we have assigned new membership numbers for the new website your account and login details from our old webshop have not been transferred.

What do I do if I don’t know or have forgotten my password?

To recover your password simply visit the lost password page and enter your email address. The system will automatically send on password reset/recovery instructions.

What do I get with a BirdWatch Ireland membership?

There are four different membership categories to choose from: individual (adult/ senior/ student/ junior), school/ group, family and key membership. All of these memberships run for 12 months from the date of joining.

Regardless of what membership option you choose, by joining us as a member today, you will be making a direct contribution to the protection of Ireland’s birds and biodiversity. You will also receive a number of additional benefits, as outlined below.

Individual membership (Adult/ Student/ Senior)

  • a special welcome pack
  • three issues of our print magazine, Wings, delivered throughout the year
  • full access to all of our online content, including back-issues of our publications
  • the opportunity to take part in over 450 outings and talks nationwide throughout the year

Individual membership (Junior)

  • a special welcome pack
  • three issues of our print magazine, Wings, delivered throughout the year
  • two issues of our children’s magazine Bird Detectiveseach year
  • full access to all of our online content, including back issues of our publications
  • the opportunity to take part in over 450 outings and talks nationwide throughout the year

Family Membership

  • a special welcome pack
  • three issues of our print magazine, Wings, delivered throughout the year
  • two issues of our children’s magazine Bird Detectiveseach year
  • full family access to all of our online content, including back issues of our publications
  • the opportunity for your family to take part in over 450 outings and talks nationwide throughout the year

Group Membership

  • a special welcome pack
  • three issues of our print magazine, Wings, delivered throughout the year
  • two issues of our children’s magazine Bird Detectiveseach year
  • full access to all of our online content, including back issues of our publications
  • the opportunity to take part in over 450 outings and talks nationwide throughout the year
  • extra educational and training materials, ideal for school groups or clubs and societies

Key Membership

  • a special welcome pack
  • three issues of our print magazine, Wings, delivered throughout the year
  • full access to all of our online content, including back issues of our publications
  • the opportunity to take part in over 450 outings and talks nationwide throughout the year
  • our scientific journal, Irish Birds, the number one ornithological journal in Ireland. Irish Birdsis a must have for all serious birdwatchers and scientists working in the Irish conservation sector
Where does my BirdWatch Ireland membership fee go?

BirdWatch Ireland is the largest independent conservation organisation in Ireland. We are dedicated to the conservation of wild birds and their natural habitats. As a registered charity, we are heavily reliant on support from the public to do this. Your membership fee will go towards the various strands of our work including the management of a network of nature reserves around the country, survey work which gives us a sense of population trends and informs conservation approaches, conservation projects aimed at protecting some of our most endangered breeding birds, environmental advocacy and educational work.

This section of our website has kindly been funded as part of our Communicating the Wonders of Irish Wildlife 2023 project, which was funded through the Heritage Organisation Support Fund of The Heritage Council