Arctic Tern
| Irish Name: | Geabhróg artach |
| Scientific name: | Sterna paradisaea |
| Bird Family: | Terns |
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Conservation status
Conservation status
Status
Summer visitor from March to September to all Irish coasts. Winters off south Africa and as far south as Antarctica.
Identification
Usually seen over the sea. Slender seabird with narrow, pointed wings, long forked tail and long, pointed bill. Grey above and white below, dark cap to head. Flight light and buoyant, can hover briefly over the sea before diving in. Very similar to Common Tern (with which it breeds) and told apart by plumage and structure. Arctic tern is smaller, with a smaller head, neck and bill and slightly narrower wings, which look forwardly placed on the body. Very short legs. Adults have a blood red bill, usually with no dark tip. The underparts are greyer than Common Tern and there some contrast with the cheek. The wing pattern is useful in separation, Arctic terns shows no dark wedge in the primaries but shows a distinct trailing edge. Arctic terns have longer tail steamers, extending beyond the wing tips. Adult winter plumage, like all terns is different from breeding plumage, but is only seen in the wintering range. Also has distinctive juvenile plumage, with some brown in the mantle, a dark carpel bar and white secondaries. Shows a distinct trailing bar to the primaries, bill darkens rapidly.
Voice
Similar to Common Tern.
Diet
Marine fish, crustaceans and insects.
Breeding
Mainly a coastal breeding bird, but in Ireland the species also breeds inland on the fresh water lakes of Lough Corrib (Co. Galway) and Lough Conn (Co. Mayo). More colonies are found on the west coast with Co. Wexford, Co. Kerry, Co. Mayo and Co. Donegal having the largest number of birds
Wintering
Considered to have the longest migration of all birds, utilizing the summer of both hemispheres.
Monitored by
All-Ireland tern survey in 1995, and through breeding seabird surveys carried out every 15-20 years. Arctic Terns are also monitored annually at Rockabill and Lady’s Island Lake.
Lady’s Island Lake, near Rosslare, in County Wexford has up to 300 pairs. As well as other tern species.
Lady’s Island Lake, near Rosslare, in County Wexford has up to 300 pairs. As well as other tern species.
Blog posts about this bird
A Summer evening on Sandymount Strand
Over the summer we have been working in Dublin Port on our tern conservation project, funded by the Dublin Port Company. This project focuses on the Common and Arctic tern populations that breed within the Port area. Both Common and Arctic Terns are ‘Amber- listed’ species in Ireland - meaning they are of ‘medium conservation concern’ - and the colony that nests within Dublin Port is the third largest in the Republic of Ireland.
Terns have the longest migration of any animal. Arctic Terns, as their name might suggest, have a breeding range that extends up to the Arctic circle during our summer, before migrating down to their feeding grounds in Antarctica during our winter. Though Common Terns don’t migrate as far as this, with Irish- breeding Common Terns migrating down as far as the west coast of Africa during our winter, it is still an impressive distance to travel for a bird that doesn’t weigh much more than 100g.
Part of the work we do to monitor and protect terns in the port involves the ringing of chicks and adults,. This is when we add uniquely coded metal and colour ID rings to individual birds so that we can identify them. This work helps us to assess survival rates, site fidelity (i.e. do individuals return to the same place to breed every year, or do they move elsewhere), as well as to identify migration routes when birds are resighted travelling to and from their breeding grounds.
(Above: Arctic Tern fitted with metal and colour ID rings, under BTO and NPWS licence)
Over the summer, most of our ringing work has focused on tern chicks - if you follow us on social media, you may already have seen some of our posts relating to this (and if you haven’t, go ahead and give us a follow to keep updated on our important information, including many cute pictures of birds – links at the bottom of this article). However, as summer draws to an end, and the chicks start to fledge and join the adults to begin their long migration south, we change tactics with the aim of capturing adults rather than chicks. To do this, we set up mist nests near their evening roost sites. You can see how this looks in the photos below (just!!). It’s a task easier said than done. It requires the right tides to align with the right time and because of this we usually only get one opportunity a year to ring adult and fledgling terns in this way, so it is an exciting opportunity whenever it arises. And luckily, this year did not disappoint!
(Above 1 & 2, the team setting up the mist nets in the fading light over Dublin Bay)
We caught not only terns, but also Oystercatchers, Redshanks, Turnstones and even a Black-tailed Godwit! With over 60 birds captured, we caught more birds this year than in the previous five put together. A fantastic day for us which offers us an opportunity to learn much more about these birds in the years to come. And while that will be the last of the terns we catch this summer as they migrate away, it will hopefully be the first of the waders as they make their way to overwinter in Ireland.
(Above: a night vision scope used to see when a bird has been caught in the net)
The highlights of this mammoth haul include; a Common Tern that was ringed in Senegal whilst migrating northwards in the spring, offering us an insight into the migration paths that our Common Terns take; and we had a resighting of a Common Tern that was ringed in 2010., For a species that lives on average to around 10 years old, a resighting of a 15-year-old is pretty special; we colour- ringed three Turnstones, which is part of a new project on this species and so we are delighted to be able to ring these for the first time; and we also had a resighting of an Oystercatcher, which helps build our knowledge on the site fidelity of this species and their migration routes between their summer breeding and winter feeding grounds. All in all, it was a great night s outing for us and we will be keeping everything crossed for the same again next year! Until then, follow us on Facebook, Instagram and X for updates on all of our ongoing work. If you would like to support us and to make a direct contribution to the protection of Ireland’s birds and biodiversity, please do so by becoming a member here and signing up for our members only newsletter, Wings, alongside many more members only benefits.
(Above: Redshank fitted with metal and colour ID rings)
All photos taken under NPWS license and all handling and ringing is done by trained and licensed bird ringers. The Dublin Bay Birds Project is funded by
Devastating Bird Flu impacts on Irish seabirds revealed in new study
A new study has revealed the devastating toll of the 2023 bird flu outbreak on Ireland’s tern species at their most important colonies, with Common Terns in particular suffering huge losses.
The recent highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak was the worst ever seen in Ireland, the UK and Europe. Details of the 2023 outbreak in Ireland, the number of birds that died at key breeding colonies, and the effect it has had on nesting numbers in 2024, have been published in the journal Bird Study by staff of BirdWatch Ireland and the National Parks and Wildlife Service. It focuses on colonies in Dublin (Rockabill Island, Dublin Port, Dalkey Island) and Wexford (Lady’s Island Lake) which have been subject to successful conservation efforts for decades, and the bird flu outbreak has come as a huge setback.
The full study entitled "A case study of the 2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak in tern (Sternidae) colonies on the east coast of the Republic of Ireland" was published in the journal Bird Study and can be accessed here.
A BirdWatch Ireland Tern Warden removes dead birds during the 2023 avian flu outbreak.
Common Terns suffered very high mortality across all colonies in 2023, with over 700 adult birds and over 1,100 chicks found dead by wardens in colonies at Rockabill, Dublin Port and Lady’s Island Lake. Many more will have died at sea and elsewhere along the coast and not been found, and a census of nests this year recorded a devastating loss of 1,250 breeding pairs across the colonies. In the case of Dublin Port, the colony was halved in a single year, representing the lowest number of nests in 19 years, and similarly the lowest on Rockabill Island since 2003. “The experience of visiting the colony during the outbreak and seeing so many dead and dying birds was really difficult,” said Helen Boland, manager of the Dublin Bay Birds Project. "We’re used to visiting the colony when it’s full of life, so to see so many lost in such a short space of time really had us worried about the future of the species. Terns are long-lived birds that only lay a small number of eggs per year, so losing adult birds is much more damaging to the population than having a bad breeding season.”
Arctic Tern. Photo: Kevin Murphy
Arctic Terns were down by 160 breeding pairs, a 20% decline, across the colonies this year due to avian flu. The small colony at Dalkey Island suffered complete breeding failure early in summer 2023 due to rat predation, and this appears to have saved them from contracting avian flu as the birds had deserted before the virus reached Ireland. Arctic Terns lead a very challenging life, not just when trying to find safe places to nest on the Irish coast, but they migrate to Antarctica in the winter – a round trip of nearly 100,000km per year. They have been struggling to nest successfully at some key colonies in recent years, largely due to predation. This, coupled with the fact that Arctic Terns lay fewer eggs than Common Terns, means their recovery is expected to be much slower. Ireland holds 95% of the entire European population of the rare Roseate Tern, concentrated at Rockabill island in Dublin and Lady’s Island Lake in Wexford. Having so many birds at only two sites makes them particularly vulnerable to problems like disease, and their only colony in Britain had already been hit by bird flu in both 2022 and 2023. Despite 65 adult birds and 135 chicks being found dead in Irish colonies during the 2023 outbreak, this didn’t translate into significant losses this year; Lady’s Island was down by 31 pairs, but Rockabill managed to increase by 75 pairs. “The Roseate Tern numbers this year were a pleasant surprise and higher than we expected considering the losses we know came from avian flu,” said Dr. Steve Newton, BirdWatch Ireland’s Senior Seabird Conservationist. “It seems that the high number of chicks fledged in recent years means that recruitment of young birds into the colony was higher than the number of birds lost to bird flu. We’re still expecting to see slow or stalled population growth in the next few years, but it could have been much worse for the Roseates." The Sandwich Tern is Ireland’s largest species of tern, and over 1,500 pairs nest in Wexford. Sandwich Tern colonies all over the UK and Europe were hit with avian flu in 2022, but the virus didn’t reach Irish colonies that year. Nesting numbers last year indicate that Irish Sandwich Terns had suffered mortality on migration and in the wintering grounds however, with a loss of 300 pairs. It is assumed the remaining birds had developed some level of immunity to the virus and therefore escaped summer 2023 relatively unscathed, and actually bounced back to pre-flu numbers this year. This provides some encouragement that the birds can bounce back quickly, though it may simply be that the increase in birds is a result of immigration from other colonies.
Roseate Terns: Photo: Brian Burke.
Conservation staff of BirdWatch Ireland and NPWS began summer 2024 with a sense of trepidation that bird flu might return, but thankfully there were no signs of it in any of the colonies and most managed to have a successful breeding season this year. With only half the number of nesting pairs it had in 2023, the Dublin Port Tern colony had its most successful breeding season ever, with most pairs managing to fledge two chicks. Elsewhere, Roseate Terns at Rockabill did well, fledging at least one chick on average per pair. The Common Terns at Rockabill, and all tern species at Lady’s Island fared ok but generally faced problems with predation by gulls and foxes, amongst other species, and their greatly reduced numbers may have left them more vulnerable to predation. The long-term tern conservation work by BirdWatch Ireland and the National Parks and Wildlife Service, and long-term support from Dublin Port Company, mean we are well-placed to facilitate recovery at the east coast tern colonies, but avian flu likely impacted west-coast and inland tern sites too. The colonies discussed here are the most important ones nationally for these four tern species and the impact of avian flu emphasizes the importance of not having ‘all of our eggs in one basket’. BirdWatch Ireland’s new Strategy outlines our intention to expand our work to inland and west-coast tern colonies and help secure the status of these species all over the country. Despite calls from BirdWatch Ireland, the Republic of Ireland has yet to develop a formalised plan for the monitoring and management of HPAI in wild birds. The role of various state agencies in such an outbreak is not clear, with some seemingly prioritizing impacts on livestock, others on potential public health implications, but little in the way of monitoring and managing the impact on wild birds. In the absence of comprehensive guidelines, regular meetings between BirdWatch Ireland and the NPWS proved invaluable in 2023. These meetings facilitated a comprehensive and adaptive approach as new guidance emerged from authorities in the UK and Europe and as the HPAI situation developed. It also allowed for a range of precautions to be implemented to minimise the risk of spreading the virus within or between colonies, or to people, while maintaining conservation efforts and long-term monitoring. This paper makes several key recommendations for future HPAI management and procedures in Ireland. It calls for the establishment of a more direct relationship between DAFM, NPWS and BirdWatch Ireland to allow for a more strategic response to outbreaks; the clarification of roles and responsibilities across all relevant government bodies; better resourcing to manage outbreaks and an increase in annual monitoring at Irish seabird colonies wherever possible to help ensure that threats such as HPAI can be monitored in real-time. It is vital that changes are enacted without delay, not only to prevent future seabird losses in the 2025 breeding season, but also to protect the many waterbird species that winter in Ireland and are too at serious risk from HPAI. Despite two cases of avian flu in Little Terns in Ireland, the species escaped largely unscathed and almost all colonies reported increased nesting numbers in 2024. We will report on the Little Tern breeding season in the coming weeks.The full study entitled "A case study of the 2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak in tern (Sternidae) colonies on the east coast of the Republic of Ireland" was published in the journal Bird Study and can be accessed here.
The Rockabill Tern conservation project is a joint project between the National Parks & Wildlife Service and BirdWatch Ireland. https://www.npws.ie/
The Dublin Port Tern Conservation project is funded by Dublin Port Company as part of BirdWatch Ireland's 'Dublin Bay Birds Project'. https://www.dublinport.ie/
The Tern conservation project at Lady's Island Lake is a National Parks & Wildlife Service project, delivered by BirdWatch Ireland after a competitive tender process. https://www.npws.ie/
